Although there isn't a standard on the URL part, there is one standard for JavaScript. If you pass objects containing arrays to URLSearchParams, and call toString() on it, it will transform it into a comma-separated list of items:
***
let data = {
str: 'abc',
arr: ['abc', 123]
}

new URLSearchParams(data).toString();
// ?str=abc&arr=abc,123 (with escaped comma characters)***

This is a late contribution, but there is a valid case for casting json_decode with (array).
Consider the following:
***
$jsondata = '';
$arr = json_decode($jsondata, true);
foreach ($arr as $k=>$v){
echo $v; // etc.
}***
If $jsondata is ever returned as an empty string (as in my experience it often is), json_decode will return NULL, resulting in the error Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() on line 3. You could add a line of if/then code or a ternary operator, but IMO it's cleaner to simply change line 2 to ...

**$arr = (array) json_decode($jsondata,true);**
... unless you are json_decodeing millions of large arrays at once, in which case as @TCB13 points out, performance could be negatively effected.

In layman terms suppose you want to build a house, what do you do.

DDL i.e Data Definition Language

Build from scratch
Renovate it
Destroy the older one and recreate it from scratch
that is

CREATE
ALTER
DROP & CREATE
DML i.e. Data Manipulation Language

People come/go inside/from your house

SELECT
DELETE
UPDATE
TRUNCATE
DCL i.e. Data Control Language

You want to control the people what part of the house they are allowed to access and kind of access.

GRANT PERMISSION

Another option using Sql Server 2005 and above
***
---- test data
declare @t table (OUTPUTID int, SCHME varchar(10), DESCR varchar(10))
insert @t select 1125439 ,'CKT','Approved'
insert @t select 1125439 ,'RENO','Approved'
insert @t select 1134691 ,'CKT','Approved'
insert @t select 1134691 ,'RENO','Approved'
insert @t select 1134691 ,'pn','Approved'

---- actual query
;with cte(outputid,combined,rn)
as
(
select outputid, SCHME + ' ('+DESCR+')', rn=ROW_NUMBER() over (PARTITION by outputid order by schme, descr)
from @t
)
,cte2(outputid,finalstatus,rn)
as
(
select OUTPUTID, convert(varchar(max),combined), 1 from cte where rn=1
union all
select cte2.outputid, convert(varchar(max),cte2.finalstatus+', '+cte.combined), cte2.rn+1
from cte2
inner join cte on cte.OUTPUTID = cte2.outputid and cte.rn=cte2.rn+1
)
select outputid, MAX(finalstatus) from cte2 group by outputid
***

If I understood your problem correctly, it's similar to one I just had. You want to be able limit the usability of DISTINCT to a specified field, rather than applying it to all the data.

If you use GROUP BY without an aggregate function, which ever field you GROUP BY will be your DISTINCT filed.

If you make your query:

**SELECT * from table GROUP BY field1;**
It will show all your results based on a single instance of field1.

For example, if you have a table with name, address and city. A single person has multiple addresses recorded, but you just want a single address for the person, you can query as follows:

**SELECT * FROM persons GROUP BY name;**
The result will be that only one instance of that name will appear with its address, and the other one will be omitted from the resulting table. Caution: if your fileds have atomic values such as firstName, lastName you want to group by both.

**SELECT * FROM persons GROUP BY lastName, firstName;**
because if two people have the same last name and you only group by lastName, one of those persons will be omitted from the results. You need to keep those things into consideration. Hope this helps.

In C++ 17 you can use inline variables:

***class A {
private:
static inline const std::string my_string = "some useful string constant";
};***
Note that this is different from espadacoder11 answer: This one defines an actual std::string object, not a const char*

Quoting The C++ FAQ,

[7.8] What's the difference between the keywords struct and class?

The members and base classes of a struct are public by default, while in class, they default to private. Note: you should make your base classes explicitly public, private, or protected, rather than relying on the defaults.

Struct and class are otherwise functionally equivalent.

OK, enough of that squeaky clean techno talk. Emotionally, most developers make a strong distinction between a class and a struct. A struct simply feels like an open pile of bits with very little in the way of encapsulation or functionality. A class feels like a living and responsible member of society with intelligent services, a strong encapsulation barrier, and a well defined interface. Since that's the connotation most people already have, you should probably use the struct keyword if you have a class that has very few methods and has public data (such things do exist in well designed systems!), but otherwise you should probably use the class keyword.

The size of the numbers involved in the float-point calculations is not the most relevant thing. It's the calculation that is being performed that is relevant.

In essence, if you're performing a calculation and the result is an irrational number or recurring decimal, then there will be rounding errors when that number is squashed into the finite size data structure you're using. Since double is twice the size of float then the rounding error will be a lot smaller.

The tests may specifically use numbers which would cause this kind of error and therefore tested that you'd used the appropriate type in your code.

Another quick way is to use getline. Something like:
***
stringstream ss("bla bla");
string s;

while (getline(ss, s, ' ')) {
cout << s << endl;
}***
If you want, you can make a simple split() method returning a vector, which is really useful.

A call to vector::size() returns a value of type std::vector::size_type, not int, unsigned int or otherwise.

Also generally iteration over a container in C++ is done using iterators, like this.
***
std::vector::iterator i = polygon.begin();
std::vector::iterator end = polygon.end();

for(; i != end; i++){
sum += *i;
}***
Where T is the type of data you store in the vector.

Or using the different iteration algorithms (std::transform, std::copy, std::fill, std::for_each et cetera).

Assert statement is similar to the *make sure* phrase in English

In the sense you mean — no, you cannot.

You can declare a **va_arg** function like

**void my_func(char* format, ...);**

But you'll need to pass some kind of information about number of variables and their types in the first argument — like **printf()** does.